いる · ichidan verb
| Form | Positive | Negative |
|---|---|---|
| Dictionary | いる | いない |
| Polite | います | いません |
| Past polite | いました | いませんでした |
| Past | いた | いなかった |
| Te-form | いて | いないで |
| Desire | いたい | いたくない |
| Potential | いられるalso いれる | いられないalso いれない |
| Passive | いられる | いられない |
| Causative | いさせる | いさせない |
| Causative passive | いさせられる | いさせられない |
| Volitional | いよう | |
| Polite volitional | いましょう | |
| Imperative | いろ | いるな |
| Conditional | いれば | いなければ |
| Tara conditional | いたら | いなかったら |
ichidan verb, intransitive verb
Used for animate beings (people, animals). Contrasts with ある for inanimate objects. Also used for existence in a location.
See also: ある
There is a cat in the room.
He is at home now.
ichidan verb, intransitive verb
Indicates remaining in a place, often for a period of time. Overlaps with sense 1 but emphasizes duration.
Please stay here a little longer.
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb
Auxiliary verb attached to the -te form of a verb to indicate a continuing action or progressive state.
It is raining.
She is reading a book.
auxiliary verb, ichidan verb
Auxiliary verb attached to the -te form of a verb to indicate a resulting state that continues after the action.
The window is open.
He is married.
There is a child in the park.
He is at home right now.
He is studying right now.
The window had been left open.
とる corresponds to standard ている, which is built from 居る (いる), the plain verb 'to be' used in everyday Japanese.
居らっしゃる is the honorific form of いる used to respectfully describe someone else's presence.
おる is a humble or plain regional equivalent of いる, often used in formal speech like おります or in Kansai dialect.
いる is the plain verb for being present, while おいでになる is its honorific form used for a respected person.
お出で honorifically refers to someone's being present, while いる is the plain, neutral verb 'to be/exist'.
いる is used for animate beings like people and animals, while ある is used for inanimate objects and abstract things.
居る (to be/exist, for people or animals) shares the exact reading いる with 鋳る (to cast metal) but has a completely unrelated meaning.
居る (いる) is another homophone of 要る, meaning 'to be/exist' (for people or animals), not 'to be needed'.
living room (Western style); sitting room
long visit; overstaying
sitting in a circle · pleasant gathering; cozy get-together
freeloader; sponger; unpaying lodger
remain; stay on; refuse to leave
working overtime; staying late at work · detention; being kept in (e.g. after school)
whereabouts; address; location · temporary residence; place of temporary stay
lintel; upper door frame
iai; art of drawing and cutting in one motion
remaining in place; staying on; overstaying
movements; sitting and standing
pretending to be out; feigning absence
turnkey business; fully equipped; as-is with fixtures
high-handed; overbearing; domineering
stay behind; remain; work overtime
sit in a row; be lined up; be present in a row
sky; clouds · distant place; high place · imperial court
being (somewhere); presence · sitting
sitting outdoors · reception and living room in Heian mansion · temporary outdoor seating for court ceremonies
shrine · imperial palace · residing (of an emperor or god)
staying at home; being at home